Move model observers onto attributes and tidy provider bindings.

Register observers with ObservedBy, bind the comment spam classifier, and keep AppServiceProvider focused on application wiring.

app/Models/ArtworkAward.php

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\ArtworkAwardObserver;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 
+#[ObservedBy([ArtworkAwardObserver::class])]
 class ArtworkAward extends Model
 {
     protected $table = 'artwork_medals';
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ class ArtworkAward extends Model
 
     public static function weightFor(string $medal): int
     {
-        return (int) config('artwork_medals.weights.' . $medal, self::WEIGHTS[$medal] ?? 0);
+        return (int) config('artwork_medals.weights.'.$medal, self::WEIGHTS[$medal] ?? 0);
     }
 
     /**

app/Models/ArtworkFavourite.php

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\ArtworkFavouriteObserver;
+use Carbon\Carbon;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 
@@ -12,12 +15,12 @@ use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
  * @property int $user_id
  * @property int $artwork_id
  * @property int|null $legacy_id Original favourite_id from the old site
- * @property \Carbon\Carbon $created_at
+ * @property Carbon $created_at
- * @property \Carbon\Carbon $updated_at
+ * @property Carbon $updated_at
- *
  * @property-read User    $user
  * @property-read Artwork $artwork
  */
+#[ObservedBy([ArtworkFavouriteObserver::class])]
 class ArtworkFavourite extends Model
 {
     protected $table = 'artwork_favourites';

app/Models/ArtworkFeature.php

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 <?php
+
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\ArtworkFeatureObserver;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
 
+#[ObservedBy([ArtworkFeatureObserver::class])]
 class ArtworkFeature extends Model
 {
     use SoftDeletes;

app/Models/ArtworkReaction.php

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\ArtworkReactionObserver;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 
@@ -11,6 +13,7 @@ use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
  * @property int $user_id
  * @property string $reaction ReactionType slug (e.g. thumbs_up, heart, fire…)
  */
+#[ObservedBy([ArtworkReactionObserver::class])]
 class ArtworkReaction extends Model
 {
     public $timestamps = false;

app/Models/ContentType.php

@@ -2,15 +2,16 @@
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\ContentTypeObserver;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder as EloquentBuilder;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;
-use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder as EloquentBuilder;
-
-use App\Models\Artwork;
 
+#[ObservedBy([ContentTypeObserver::class])]
 class ContentType extends Model
 {
-    protected $fillable = ['name','slug','description','order','hide_from_menu','mascot_path','cover_art_path'];
+    protected $fillable = ['name', 'slug', 'description', 'order', 'hide_from_menu', 'mascot_path', 'cover_art_path'];
 
     protected $casts = [
         'order' => 'integer',
@@ -81,6 +82,6 @@ class ContentType extends Model
             return $path;
         }
 
-        return rtrim((string) config('cdn.files_url', 'https://cdn.skinbase.org'), '/') . '/' . ltrim($path, '/');
+        return rtrim((string) config('cdn.files_url', 'https://cdn.skinbase.org'), '/').'/'.ltrim($path, '/');
     }
 }

app/Models/GroupRelease.php

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\GroupReleaseObserver;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
@@ -11,29 +13,44 @@ use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsToMany;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
 
+#[ObservedBy([GroupReleaseObserver::class])]
 class GroupRelease extends Model
 {
     use HasFactory;
     use SoftDeletes;
 
     public const STATUS_PLANNED = 'planned';
+
     public const STATUS_IN_PROGRESS = 'in_progress';
+
     public const STATUS_INTERNAL_REVIEW = 'internal_review';
+
     public const STATUS_SCHEDULED = 'scheduled';
+
     public const STATUS_RELEASED = 'released';
+
     public const STATUS_ARCHIVED = 'archived';
+
     public const STATUS_CANCELLED = 'cancelled';
 
     public const STAGE_CONCEPT = 'concept';
+
     public const STAGE_PRODUCTION = 'production';
+
     public const STAGE_REVIEW = 'review';
+
     public const STAGE_PACKAGING = 'packaging';
+
     public const STAGE_APPROVAL = 'approval';
+
     public const STAGE_PUBLISHING = 'publishing';
+
     public const STAGE_RELEASED = 'released';
 
     public const VISIBILITY_PUBLIC = 'public';
+
     public const VISIBILITY_UNLISTED = 'unlisted';
+
     public const VISIBILITY_PRIVATE = 'private';
 
     protected $fillable = [
@@ -151,6 +168,6 @@ class GroupRelease extends Model
             return $path;
         }
 
-        return rtrim((string) config('cdn.files_url', 'https://files.skinbase.org'), '/') . '/' . ltrim($path, '/');
+        return rtrim((string) config('cdn.files_url', 'https://files.skinbase.org'), '/').'/'.ltrim($path, '/');
     }
 }

app/Models/GroupReleaseContributor.php

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\GroupReleaseContributorObserver;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 
+#[ObservedBy([GroupReleaseContributorObserver::class])]
 class GroupReleaseContributor extends Model
 {
     use HasFactory;

app/Models/HomepageAnnouncement.php

@@ -4,48 +4,75 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace App\Models;
 
+use App\Observers\HomepageAnnouncementObserver;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
 use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;
 
+#[ObservedBy([HomepageAnnouncementObserver::class])]
 class HomepageAnnouncement extends Model
 {
     use SoftDeletes;
 
     public const STATUS_DRAFT = 'draft';
+
     public const STATUS_PUBLISHED = 'published';
+
     public const STATUS_ARCHIVED = 'archived';
 
     public const TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT = 'announcement';
+
     public const TYPE_LAUNCH = 'launch';
+
     public const TYPE_NEWS = 'news';
+
     public const TYPE_WORLD = 'world';
+
     public const TYPE_EVENT = 'event';
+
     public const TYPE_NOTICE = 'notice';
+
     public const TYPE_MAINTENANCE = 'maintenance';
 
     public const PLACEMENT_HOMEPAGE_AFTER_FEATURED = 'homepage_after_featured';
 
     public const LINK_TYPE_NONE = 'none';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_CUSTOM_URL = 'custom_url';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_NEWS = 'news';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_WORLD = 'world';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_ARTWORK = 'artwork';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_COLLECTION = 'collection';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_GROUP = 'group';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_PROFILE = 'profile';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_EXPLORE = 'explore';
+
     public const LINK_TYPE_UPLOAD = 'upload';
 
     public const GRADIENT_NOVA_AURORA = 'nova_aurora';
+
     public const GRADIENT_DEEP_SPACE = 'deep_space';
+
     public const GRADIENT_SUNRISE = 'sunrise';
+
     public const GRADIENT_OCEAN_GLOW = 'ocean_glow';
+
     public const GRADIENT_SPRING_VIBES = 'spring_vibes';
+
     public const GRADIENT_FANTASY_REALMS = 'fantasy_realms';
+
     public const GRADIENT_MINIMAL_LIGHT = 'minimal_light';
+
     public const GRADIENT_DARK_GLASS = 'dark_glass';
 
     protected $table = 'homepage_announcements';

app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php

@@ -3,53 +3,59 @@
 namespace App\Providers;
 
 use App\Contracts\Images\SubjectDetectorInterface;
-use Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiting\Limit;
+use App\Contracts\Moderation\CommentSpamClassifier;
-use Illuminate\Http\Request;
+use App\Events\Achievements\AchievementCheckRequested;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\RateLimiter;
+use App\Events\Achievements\UserXpUpdated;
-use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
+use App\Events\Posts\ArtworkShared;
+use App\Events\Posts\PostCommented;
+use App\Http\Middleware\ConditionalCors;
+use App\Listeners\Academy\HandleAcademyStripeWebhook;
+use App\Listeners\Academy\HandleAcademyStripeWebhookHandled;
+use App\Listeners\Achievements\CheckUserAchievements;
+use App\Listeners\Posts\AwardXpForPostCommented;
+use App\Listeners\Posts\SendArtworkSharedNotification;
+use App\Listeners\Posts\SendPostCommentedNotification;
 use App\Models\Artwork;
-use App\Models\ArtworkAward;
-use App\Models\ArtworkComment;
-use App\Models\ArtworkFeature;
-use App\Models\ArtworkFavourite;
-use App\Models\ArtworkMedal;
-use App\Models\ArtworkReaction;
 use App\Models\ContentType;
-use App\Models\GroupRelease;
-use App\Models\GroupReleaseContributor;
-use App\Models\HomepageAnnouncement;
-use App\Observers\ArtworkAwardObserver;
-use App\Observers\ArtworkCommentObserver;
-use App\Observers\ArtworkFeatureObserver;
-use App\Observers\ArtworkFavouriteObserver;
 use App\Observers\ArtworkObserver;
-use App\Observers\ArtworkReactionObserver;
-use App\Observers\ContentTypeObserver;
-use App\Observers\GroupReleaseContributorObserver;
-use App\Observers\GroupReleaseObserver;
-use App\Observers\HomepageAnnouncementObserver;
-use App\Services\Upload\Contracts\UploadDraftServiceInterface;
-use App\Services\Upload\UploadDraftService;
 use App\Services\ContentTypes\ContentTypeSlugResolver;
-use App\Services\Worlds\WorldService;
+use App\Services\Countries\CountryRemoteProvider;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Blade;
+use App\Services\Countries\CountryRemoteProviderInterface;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\View;
+use App\Services\EarlyGrowth\SpotlightEngine;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use App\Services\EarlyGrowth\SpotlightEngineInterface;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
-use Illuminate\Queue\Events\JobFailed;
-use App\Services\ReceivedCommentsInboxService;
 use App\Services\Images\Detectors\ChainedSubjectDetector;
 use App\Services\Images\Detectors\HeuristicSubjectDetector;
 use App\Services\Images\Detectors\NullSubjectDetector;
 use App\Services\Images\Detectors\VisionSubjectDetector;
+use App\Services\Moderation\TogetherCommentSpamClassifier;
+use App\Services\ReceivedCommentsInboxService;
+use App\Services\Recommendations\VectorSimilarity\VectorAdapterFactory;
+use App\Services\Recommendations\VectorSimilarity\VectorAdapterInterface;
+use App\Services\Upload\Contracts\UploadDraftServiceInterface;
+use App\Services\Upload\UploadDraftService;
+use App\Services\Worlds\WorldService;
+use App\Support\Http\TimedInertiaSsrGateway;
+use Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiting\Limit;
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Http\Kernel;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Configuration\Middleware;
+use Illuminate\Http\Middleware\HandleCors;
+use Illuminate\Http\Request;
+use Illuminate\Queue\Events\JobFailed;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\RateLimiter;
+use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
+use Illuminate\View\Factory;
+use Inertia\Ssr\Gateway;
 use Klevze\ControlPanel\Framework\Core\Menu;
 use Laravel\Cashier\Events\WebhookHandled;
 use Laravel\Cashier\Events\WebhookReceived;
-use App\Listeners\Academy\HandleAcademyStripeWebhook;
+use Meilisearch\Client;
-use App\Listeners\Academy\HandleAcademyStripeWebhookHandled;
+use SocialiteProviders\Discord\DiscordExtendSocialite;
+use SocialiteProviders\Manager\SocialiteWasCalled;
 
 class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 {
@@ -58,14 +64,18 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
      */
     public function register(): void
     {
+        $this->app->bind(CommentSpamClassifier::class, function ($app) {
+            return $app->make(TogetherCommentSpamClassifier::class);
+        });
+
         $this->app->bind(
-            \Inertia\Ssr\Gateway::class,
+            Gateway::class,
-            \App\Support\Http\TimedInertiaSsrGateway::class,
+            TimedInertiaSsrGateway::class,
         );
 
         $this->app->singleton(
-            \App\Services\Countries\CountryRemoteProviderInterface::class,
+            CountryRemoteProviderInterface::class,
-            \App\Services\Countries\CountryRemoteProvider::class,
+            CountryRemoteProvider::class,
         );
 
         // Bind UploadDraftService interface to implementation
@@ -75,14 +85,14 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 
         // Bind vector adapter interface for similarity system (resolves via factory)
         $this->app->bind(
-            \App\Services\Recommendations\VectorSimilarity\VectorAdapterInterface::class,
+            VectorAdapterInterface::class,
-            fn () => \App\Services\Recommendations\VectorSimilarity\VectorAdapterFactory::make(),
+            fn () => VectorAdapterFactory::make(),
         );
 
         // EGS: bind SpotlightEngineInterface to the concrete SpotlightEngine
         $this->app->singleton(
-            \App\Services\EarlyGrowth\SpotlightEngineInterface::class,
+            SpotlightEngineInterface::class,
-            \App\Services\EarlyGrowth\SpotlightEngine::class,
+            SpotlightEngine::class,
         );
 
         $this->app->singleton(SubjectDetectorInterface::class, function ($app) {
@@ -97,7 +107,7 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
         // with no HTTP timeout, so a slow/overloaded Meilisearch leaves PHP-FPM
         // workers blocked forever in curl_exec(), draining the whole pool under
         // a search traffic spike. Fail fast instead.
-        $this->app->singleton(\Meilisearch\Client::class, function ($app) {
+        $this->app->singleton(Client::class, function ($app) {
             $config = $app['config']->get('scout.meilisearch');
 
             $httpClient = new \GuzzleHttp\Client([
@@ -105,7 +115,7 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
                 'timeout' => 5,
             ]);
 
-            return new \Meilisearch\Client($config['host'], $config['key'], $httpClient);
+            return new Client($config['host'], $config['key'], $httpClient);
         });
     }
 
@@ -119,12 +129,29 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
         // Map the 'legacy' view namespace to resources/views/_legacy so all
         // view('legacy::foo') and @include('legacy::foo') calls resolve correctly
         // after the folder was renamed from legacy/ to _legacy/.
-        View::addNamespace('legacy', resource_path('views/_legacy'));
+        $legacyViewPath = resource_path('views/_legacy');
+        $registerLegacyViewNamespace = static function (Factory $view) use ($legacyViewPath): void {
+            $view->addNamespace('legacy', $legacyViewPath);
+        };
+
+        if ($this->app->resolved('view')) {
+            $registerLegacyViewNamespace($this->app->make('view'));
+        } else {
+            $this->app->afterResolving('view', $registerLegacyViewNamespace);
+        }
 
         $exceptionRendererComponentsPath = base_path('vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/resources/exceptions/renderer/components');
 
+        $registerExceptionRendererComponents = static function ($compiler) use ($exceptionRendererComponentsPath): void {
             if (is_dir($exceptionRendererComponentsPath)) {
-            Blade::anonymousComponentNamespace($exceptionRendererComponentsPath, 'laravel-exceptions-renderer');
+                $compiler->anonymousComponentNamespace($exceptionRendererComponentsPath, 'laravel-exceptions-renderer');
+            }
+        };
+
+        if ($this->app->resolved('blade.compiler')) {
+            $registerExceptionRendererComponents($this->app->make('blade.compiler'));
+        } else {
+            $this->app->afterResolving('blade.compiler', $registerExceptionRendererComponents);
         }
 
         $this->configureAuthRateLimiters();
@@ -140,45 +167,35 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
         $this->configureSettingsRateLimiters();
         $this->configureMailFailureLogging();
 
-        ArtworkAward::observe(ArtworkAwardObserver::class);
-        ArtworkMedal::observe(ArtworkAwardObserver::class);
         Artwork::observe(ArtworkObserver::class);
-        ArtworkFeature::observe(ArtworkFeatureObserver::class);
-        ArtworkFavourite::observe(ArtworkFavouriteObserver::class);
-        ArtworkComment::observe(ArtworkCommentObserver::class);
-        ArtworkReaction::observe(ArtworkReactionObserver::class);
-        ContentType::observe(ContentTypeObserver::class);
-        GroupRelease::observe(GroupReleaseObserver::class);
-        GroupReleaseContributor::observe(GroupReleaseContributorObserver::class);
-        HomepageAnnouncement::observe(HomepageAnnouncementObserver::class);
 
         // ── OAuth / SocialiteProviders ──────────────────────────────────────
         Event::listen(
-            \SocialiteProviders\Manager\SocialiteWasCalled::class,
+            SocialiteWasCalled::class,
-            \SocialiteProviders\Discord\DiscordExtendSocialite::class,
+            DiscordExtendSocialite::class,
         );
         // Apple provider removed — no listener registered
 
         // ── Posts / Feed System Events ──────────────────────────────────────
         Event::listen(
-            \App\Events\Posts\ArtworkShared::class,
+            ArtworkShared::class,
-            \App\Listeners\Posts\SendArtworkSharedNotification::class,
+            SendArtworkSharedNotification::class,
         );
         Event::listen(
-            \App\Events\Posts\PostCommented::class,
+            PostCommented::class,
-            \App\Listeners\Posts\SendPostCommentedNotification::class,
+            SendPostCommentedNotification::class,
         );
         Event::listen(
-            \App\Events\Posts\PostCommented::class,
+            PostCommented::class,
-            \App\Listeners\Posts\AwardXpForPostCommented::class,
+            AwardXpForPostCommented::class,
         );
         Event::listen(
-            \App\Events\Achievements\AchievementCheckRequested::class,
+            AchievementCheckRequested::class,
-            \App\Listeners\Achievements\CheckUserAchievements::class,
+            CheckUserAchievements::class,
         );
         Event::listen(
-            \App\Events\Achievements\UserXpUpdated::class,
+            UserXpUpdated::class,
-            \App\Listeners\Achievements\CheckUserAchievements::class,
+            CheckUserAchievements::class,
         );
         Event::listen(
             WebhookReceived::class,
@@ -190,7 +207,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
         );
 
         // Provide toolbar counts and user info to layout views (port of legacy toolbar logic)
-        View::composer(['layouts.nova', 'layouts.nova.*'], function ($view) {
+        $registerNovaLayoutComposer = function (Factory $factory): void {
+            $factory->composer(['layouts.nova', 'layouts.nova.*'], function ($view) {
                 $uploadCount = $favCount = $msgCount = $noticeCount = $receivedCommentsCount = 0;
                 $avatarHash = null;
                 $displayName = null;
@@ -198,7 +216,7 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
                 $toolbarContentTypes = collect();
                 $toolbarActiveCampaign = null;
                 $request = request();
-            $canReadSessionAuth = $request instanceof \Illuminate\Http\Request
+                $canReadSessionAuth = $request instanceof Request
                     && $request->hasSession()
                     && $request->attributes->get('skinbase.session_skipped') !== true;
                 $authUser = $canReadSessionAuth ? Auth::user() : null;
@@ -299,21 +317,28 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
                     $displayName = $authUser->name ?: ($authUser->username ?? '');
                 }
 
-            $view->with(compact('userId','uploadCount', 'favCount', 'msgCount', 'noticeCount', 'receivedCommentsCount', 'avatarHash', 'displayName', 'toolbarContentTypes', 'toolbarActiveCampaign'));
+                $view->with(compact('userId', 'uploadCount', 'favCount', 'msgCount', 'noticeCount', 'receivedCommentsCount', 'avatarHash', 'displayName', 'toolbarContentTypes', 'toolbarActiveCampaign'));
             });
+        };
+
+        if ($this->app->resolved('view')) {
+            $registerNovaLayoutComposer($this->app->make('view'));
+        } else {
+            $this->app->afterResolving('view', $registerNovaLayoutComposer);
+        }
 
         // Replace the framework HandleCors with our ConditionalCors so the
         // CP_ENABLE_CORS / config('cors.paths') toggle takes effect.
         try {
-            $middlewareConfig = $this->app->make(\Illuminate\Foundation\Configuration\Middleware::class);
+            $middlewareConfig = $this->app->make(Middleware::class);
             $middlewareConfig->replace(
-                \Illuminate\Http\Middleware\HandleCors::class,
+                HandleCors::class,
-                \App\Http\Middleware\ConditionalCors::class
+                ConditionalCors::class
             );
         } catch (\Throwable $_) {
             // Fallback: push to kernel if replace isn't available in this app instance
-            $this->app->make(\Illuminate\Contracts\Http\Kernel::class)
+            $this->app->make(Kernel::class)
-                ->pushMiddleware(\App\Http\Middleware\ConditionalCors::class);
+                ->pushMiddleware(ConditionalCors::class);
         }
     }
 
@@ -322,13 +347,13 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
         RateLimiter::for('register-ip', function (Request $request): Limit {
             $limit = max(1, (int) config('registration.ip_per_minute_limit', 3));
 
-            return Limit::perMinute($limit)->by('register:ip:' . $request->ip());
+            return Limit::perMinute($limit)->by('register:ip:'.$request->ip());
         });
 
         RateLimiter::for('register-ip-daily', function (Request $request): Limit {
             $limit = max(1, (int) config('registration.ip_per_day_limit', 20));
 
-            return Limit::perDay($limit)->by('register:ip:daily:' . $request->ip());
+            return Limit::perDay($limit)->by('register:ip:daily:'.$request->ip());
         });
 
         RateLimiter::for('register', function (Request $request): array {
@@ -337,8 +362,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $emailLimit = (int) config('registration.email_per_minute_limit', 6);
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute($ipLimit)->by('register:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute($ipLimit)->by('register:ip:'.$request->ip()),
-                Limit::perMinute($emailLimit)->by('register:email:' . $emailKey),
+                Limit::perMinute($emailLimit)->by('register:email:'.$emailKey),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -382,15 +407,15 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
     private function configureNovaCardRateLimiters(): void
     {
         foreach (['drafts', 'autosave', 'publish', 'background_upload', 'render'] as $key) {
-            RateLimiter::for('nova-cards-' . str_replace('_', '-', $key), function (Request $request) use ($key): array {
+            RateLimiter::for('nova-cards-'.str_replace('_', '-', $key), function (Request $request) use ($key): array {
-                $config = (array) config('nova_cards.rate_limits.' . $key, []);
+                $config = (array) config('nova_cards.rate_limits.'.$key, []);
                 $perUser = max(1, (int) ($config['per_user'] ?? 30));
                 $perIp = max(1, (int) ($config['per_ip'] ?? 60));
-                $scope = 'nova-cards:' . $key . ':';
+                $scope = 'nova-cards:'.$key.':';
 
                 return [
-                    Limit::perMinute($perUser)->by($scope . 'user:' . ($request->user()?->id ?? 'guest')),
+                    Limit::perMinute($perUser)->by($scope.'user:'.($request->user()?->id ?? 'guest')),
-                    Limit::perMinute($perIp)->by($scope . 'ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                    Limit::perMinute($perIp)->by($scope.'ip:'.$request->ip()),
                 ];
             });
         }
@@ -398,7 +423,7 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 
     private function buildUploadLimits(Request $request, string $key): array
     {
-        $config = (array) config('uploads.rate_limits.' . $key, []);
+        $config = (array) config('uploads.rate_limits.'.$key, []);
         $decay = (int) config('uploads.rate_limits.decay_minutes', 1);
         $perUser = (int) ($config['per_user'] ?? 0);
         $perIp = (int) ($config['per_ip'] ?? 0);
@@ -407,11 +432,11 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 
         if ($perUser > 0) {
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
-            $limits[] = Limit::perMinutes($decay, $perUser)->by('u:' . $userId);
+            $limits[] = Limit::perMinutes($decay, $perUser)->by('u:'.$userId);
         }
 
         if ($perIp > 0) {
-            $limits[] = Limit::perMinutes($decay, $perIp)->by('ip:' . $request->ip());
+            $limits[] = Limit::perMinutes($decay, $perIp)->by('ip:'.$request->ip());
         }
 
         return $limits;
@@ -423,8 +448,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(20)->by('messages:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perMinute(20)->by('messages:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perMinute(40)->by('messages:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(40)->by('messages:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -432,8 +457,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('messages:react:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('messages:react:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('messages:react:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('messages:react:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -441,8 +466,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('messages:read:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('messages:read:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perMinute(240)->by('messages:read:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(240)->by('messages:read:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -451,8 +476,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $conversationId = (int) $request->route('conversation_id');
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(90)->by('messages:typing:user:' . $userId . ':conv:' . $conversationId),
+                Limit::perMinute(90)->by('messages:typing:user:'.$userId.':conv:'.$conversationId),
-                Limit::perMinute(180)->by('messages:typing:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(180)->by('messages:typing:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -461,8 +486,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $conversationId = (int) $request->route('conversation_id');
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(30)->by('messages:recovery:user:' . $userId . ':conv:' . $conversationId),
+                Limit::perMinute(30)->by('messages:recovery:user:'.$userId.':conv:'.$conversationId),
-                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('messages:recovery:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('messages:recovery:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -470,8 +495,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(180)->by('messages:presence:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perMinute(180)->by('messages:presence:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perMinute(300)->by('messages:presence:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(300)->by('messages:presence:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -484,8 +509,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             // Higher user-based allowance prevents false positives for active users,
             // while IP limit still protects guest endpoints from bursts.
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('downloads:user:' . ($userId ?? 'guest')),
+                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('downloads:user:'.($userId ?? 'guest')),
-                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('downloads:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('downloads:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -498,8 +523,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             // Search fans out to Meilisearch + DB queries per request, so IP
             // limits are kept tight to blunt scripted floods of /search traffic.
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(20)->by('search:user:' . ($userId ?? 'guest')),
+                Limit::perMinute(20)->by('search:user:'.($userId ?? 'guest')),
-                Limit::perMinute(30)->by('search:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(30)->by('search:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -514,8 +539,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             // per-IP allowance tight — unlike cached list endpoints, a flood of
             // distinct artwork IDs can't be absorbed by cache alone.
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(30)->by('vector-search:user:' . ($userId ?? 'guest')),
+                Limit::perMinute(30)->by('vector-search:user:'.($userId ?? 'guest')),
-                Limit::perMinute(20)->by('vector-search:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(20)->by('vector-search:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -529,10 +554,10 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 
             return [
                 // Prevent burst spam on a single artwork while allowing normal exploration.
-                Limit::perMinute($perMinute)->by('awards:user:' . ($userId ?? 'guest') . ':art:' . $artworkId),
+                Limit::perMinute($perMinute)->by('awards:user:'.($userId ?? 'guest').':art:'.$artworkId),
                 // Global safety net for user/IP across all artworks.
-                Limit::perMinute($perMinute * 6)->by('awards:user:' . ($userId ?? 'guest')),
+                Limit::perMinute($perMinute * 6)->by('awards:user:'.($userId ?? 'guest')),
-                Limit::perMinute($perMinute * 9)->by('awards:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute($perMinute * 9)->by('awards:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -544,8 +569,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 
             return [
                 // Comment-heavy pages can trigger many reaction reads at once.
-                Limit::perMinute(600)->by('reactions-read:user:' . ($userId ?? 'guest')),
+                Limit::perMinute(600)->by('reactions-read:user:'.($userId ?? 'guest')),
-                Limit::perMinute(900)->by('reactions-read:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(900)->by('reactions-read:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -553,8 +578,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id;
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('reactions-write:user:' . ($userId ?? 'guest')),
+                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('reactions-write:user:'.($userId ?? 'guest')),
-                Limit::perMinute(180)->by('reactions-write:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(180)->by('reactions-write:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -565,9 +590,9 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(12)->by('follow-write:minute:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perMinute(12)->by('follow-write:minute:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perHour(120)->by('follow-write:hour:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perHour(120)->by('follow-write:hour:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perMinute(24)->by('follow-write:minute:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(24)->by('follow-write:minute:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -575,8 +600,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('social-write:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perMinute(60)->by('social-write:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('social-write:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(120)->by('social-write:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
 
@@ -584,8 +609,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
             $userId = $request->user()?->id ?? 'guest';
 
             return [
-                Limit::perMinute(240)->by('social-read:user:' . $userId),
+                Limit::perMinute(240)->by('social-read:user:'.$userId),
-                Limit::perMinute(480)->by('social-read:ip:' . $request->ip()),
+                Limit::perMinute(480)->by('social-read:ip:'.$request->ip()),
             ];
         });
     }
@@ -593,7 +618,7 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
     private function configureSettingsRateLimiters(): void
     {
         RateLimiter::for('username-check', function (Request $request): Limit {
-            $key = 'username-check:ip:' . $request->ip();
+            $key = 'username-check:ip:'.$request->ip();
 
             if (method_exists(Limit::class, 'perSecond')) {
                 return Limit::perSecond(5)->by($key);
@@ -605,8 +630,8 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
         RateLimiter::for('email-change-request', function (Request $request): Limit {
             $userId = $request->user()?->id;
             $key = $userId !== null
-                ? 'email-change-request:user:' . $userId
+                ? 'email-change-request:user:'.$userId
-                : 'email-change-request:ip:' . $request->ip();
+                : 'email-change-request:ip:'.$request->ip();
 
             return Limit::perHour(1)->by($key);
         });
@@ -648,6 +673,6 @@ class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 
         $request = $this->app->make('request');
 
-        return $request->is($prefix) || $request->is($prefix . '/*');
+        return $request->is($prefix) || $request->is($prefix.'/*');
     }
 }